Stone Butch Blues

Commented on Bibliography Essay In light of the writer examination of online learning condition and distinctive learning styles; it appears that electronic learning condition is an astounding vehicle for improving learning, because of its capacity to acclimate to singular understudy learning styles and inclinations. The article researches the effect of understudies learning style and their exhibition. Online degrees have expanded since 2006. More students are turning out to be all the more innovatively shrewd, and it is those students that are mechanically awkward, who depends on instructional structure from study hall settings and connection with teachers and friends. The examination prompts the appraisal and learning style on understudy accomplishment in a Web based learning condition. On the off chance that it was simply a question of instructional learning it would be a solid match for all, in any case, all doesn't have innovation capacities. On the off chance that all students had these capacities, electronic learning styles would increment. Electronic instructional structure modules are not decisive to certain learning styles. Thought ought to be given to the students attributes whether the student can get a handle on the material by means of the online guidance. Students ought to consider their learning style, persuasive level, capacity to connect with the teacher and their companions. Be that as it may, without these capacities, students’ learning styles will be affected in light of the fact that they do not have the capacities to learn through online guidance modules. Lai, I K. W. Lam, F.K.S. (2010). Impression of different execution measures by partners in the development division in Hong Kong. Exploration is directed to look at changed purposes of perspectives on the significance of execution results in a development venture in Hong Kong. ANOVA was utilized to break down the information comparative with how the exhibitions were estimated. Exhibitions were estimated utilizing a presentation rules beginning with the most significant first, which is time. Opportune fulfillment of an undertaking would forestall loss of income and penalities to the contractual worker. Lai and Lam noticed that development ventures require succinct arran ging, and areâ divided between the specialist and the temporary worker. Be that as it may, each gathering has a huge impact in the projects’ achievement. The distinction between the customer and the contractual worker; the customer typically push for ideal culmination and would offer a motivation reward for opportune finish, be that as it may, the temporary worker would lean toward a sensible length of time, in this way to keep away from penalities to the contract based worker. The customer, advisor, and the contractual worker, all parterner together to make the venture a triumph by bringing work fulfillment, quality, wellbeing, condition, age of imaginative thoughts, execution measures, and adequacy to the undertaking. Staying away from any disasters that will postpone or shield the undertaking from running easily. Williams, A BTM7101-8 Activity 6, pg 2 The consequences of the examination found that time was the most significant factor of the task and ought to be mulled over right off the bat in the arranging procedure, and certain stipends ought to be considered into the financial plan, for example, time limitations, postponements, and incidents that could occur during the development of the undertaking. References Wang, K.H., Wang, J.H., Wang, W.L. Huang, S.C. (2006) Learning styles and developmental evaluation methodology: improving understudy accomplishment in Web-based learning Wang T., Wang K., Wang W., Huang S. Chen S. (2004) Web-based Assessment and Test Analyses (WATA) framework: improvement and assessment. Diary of Computer Assisted Learning 20, 59â€71 Passage N. Chen S. (2000) Individual contrasts, hypermedia route and learning: an observational investigation. Diary of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9, 281â€312. Seckel, S. (2007 Characteristics and Responsibilities of Successful e-Learners LAI, I. K. W. (2010). View of Various execution rules by stateholders in the development part in Hong kong. Assaf, S.A. what's more, Al-Hejji, S. (2006) Causes of deferral in enormous development ventures. Universal Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 349-57. Naoum, S. (2003) A review into the idea of parternering . Worldwide Journal of Project Management 21(1), 71-6. PAH (2008) Project Administration Handbook for Civil Engineeering Works, 2008 Edition.

Evaluating the Value of the Multifactor Leadership

Assessing the Value of the Multifactor Leadership The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is one of the most broadly utilized instruments to gauge administration capacity and conduct in associations and hierarchical examinations. Anyway this doesn't mean it is without imperfections. This report will depict and talk about the MLQ and its fundamental purposes. It will break down authority speculations and the manners by which the test reverberates with and clashes with specific hypotheses. Specifically it will take a gander at exemplary and contemporary authority viewpoints and hypotheses and how it has been applied to the improvement of the MLQ and the Multifactor Leadership Model the survey depends on. This report will show that while there are blemishes in the structure, development, legitimacy and functional use of the MLQ, it is a solid apparatus when utilized related to other administration choice and advancement devices and offers a lot of guarantee in assessing authority capacity and practices, devotee responses and sit uational characteristics. In 1978, Burns recommended that pioneers could be recognized as far as value-based or transformational pioneers (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450). In his work, value-based initiative comprised of a trade procedure between the pioneer and supporter in which the pioneer offers a compensation for consistence with their agreement (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450) and depends on remunerations and discipline. Transformational initiative then again is the way toward propelling devotees or partners to accomplish more than initially anticipated utilizing appeal, impact and vision by moving adherents mentalities, convictions and qualities, instead of basically picking up consistence (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450; Rafferty and Griffin, 2004, p 330). Notwithstanding, Burns suggested that a pioneer was either transformational or value-based, and that the two were at furthest edges of the range. During the 1980s, Basss approach had the option to draw intensely on Burns work, yet conjectured that fruitful pioneers were transformational and value-based. Bass hypothesis spoke to a blend of transformational, value-based and non-value-based free enterprise initiative elements (Antonakis et al, 2003, p 264). Bass propositioned that transformational and value-based initiative styles are discrete and free measurements that show up all the while (Tejeda, Scandura and Pillai, 2001, p 33) and that the value-based qualities would convey the fundamental needs of an association, while the transformational properties would cultivate change and empower duty. He accepted that each pioneer shows every one of the styles somewhat and called this the Full Range of Leadership Model (Bass, 1998, p. 7). Anyway a viable pioneer would exhibit transformational traits all the more as often as possible then value-based properties. Key to Bass research is the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 1997, p21). The MLQ is an administration appraisal instrument that estimates authority conduct and style. It is the essential estimation instrument of research on the hypothesis (Tejeda et al, 2001, p 34). In its latest configuration, the MLQ is a short however extensive study of 45 things which quantifies a full scope of authority styles (http://www.cornerstonecoaching.com.au/MLQ_Questionnaire.html, 20/09/2010). The MLQ is intended to assess the variables that are identified with administration and how these elements decide the proficiency and adequacy of a pioneer. It surveys the transformational administration with five scales: 1) glorified traits, 2) romanticized practices, 3) uplifting inspiration, 4) scholarly incitement and 5) individualized characterisation (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). Three scales are recognized as qualities of value-based authority: 1) unexpected prize, 2 ) the board by special case: dynamic and the board by exemption: latent and one scale for Non-administration, free enterprise (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). It additionally evaluates the result of administration as far as adequacy and fulfillment. The ebb and flow adaptation of the MLQ (Form 5X) was created dependent on the consequences of investigations of the past renditions and the input of initiative researchers who updated the poll (XXXXX IN Antonakis, Avolio and Sivasubramaniam, 2003, p 265) and is utilized broadly in inquire about and across associations in administration evaluation and advancement. Initiative Theories and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire The Multifactor Leadership Model has gotten one of the most generally refered to hypothesis of authority, and keeping in mind that (Bass, 1990b, in Hartog et al, 1997, p19) claims that the value-based transformational administration model is another worldview, and doesn't supplant or clarify different models, the model does in certainty coordinate thoughts from exemplary and contemporary speculations of initiative. Up until the late 1940s, the attribute based methodology ruled authority draws near (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 448). These hypotheses detached qualities that separated pioneers from non-pioneers dependent on the reason that pioneers are conceived, to a degree, and that the abilities required are inborn and are not created after some time. The Multifactor Leadership Theory isn't a characteristic based methodology anyway it is clear that there are sure attributes shown that separate a transformational pioneer from a value-based pioneer or characteristics that are not conside red as administration characteristics. For example, certainty (question 25), pride (question 10), positive thinking (question 9), resiliance and eagerness (question 13) are viewed as attributes of transformational pioneers. One inquiry in the MLQ states my partners and supporters trust me and display the qualities I portray㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (www.mlq.com.au, got to 21/09/2010). In this inquiry, dependability is an attribute that is seen as significant for transformational initiative. Indeed, Bass methodology depends on the idea of the attribute or normal for magnetism. Anyway what the MLQ doesn't do is express that initiative characteristics are inborn, and that pioneers can't be created. A key preferred position of the MLQ is that it is an instrument to survey authority aptitudes and form the pioneer into getting progressively viable, productive and transformational and show where advancement is required. From beginning, the multifaceted authority model joined before conduct ways to deal with administration (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 175). Conduct measurements are activities that moves by imparting a dream, activities that express contemplations and practices that draw in and challenge supporters to have an independent mind (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis et al, 2004, p 175). A standout amongst other known ways to deal with social authority speculations comes from look into attempted by a gathering of specialists at the Ohio State University. Stogdill and Coons distinguished two components of administration in their examinations, alluded to as thought or worker arranged authority and starting structure or creation situated initiative (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 7), not at all like value-based, or task focussed initiative. It is imperative to take note of that not at all like attribute based ways to deal with administration which centers around qualities that is seen to make a decent pioneer, social methodologies stress that conduct can be changed, and through preparing, people can be better pioneers. The MLQ is an instrument that surveys current conduct and can be utilized as an apparatus to help with creating people to better pioneers. In 1967, Fiedlar proposed a possibility model of initiative adequacy which estimated the administration direction of the individual finishing it (Fiedlar, 1967 in Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The pioneer was either human-relations arranged, that is, chivalrous of the subordinates sentiments and worried about encouraging great relations, or errand persuaded (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). Like Burns approach on value-based and transformational initiative, Fiedlar suggested that pioneers were either human-relations arranged or task spurred, and could exchange contingent upon the situational factors. The MLQ anyway demonstrates that for a pioneer to be successful, both assignment situated characteristics and change ascribes should have been shown. The two were not mutually dependent. The hypothesis centers around unexpected award as inspiration, and is like value-based pioneer traits. Nonetheless, the hypothesis featured that since a pioneers character doesn't transform, it is rathe r important to change the situational factors rather, for example, task structure, position force or pioneer part relations (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The MLQ is an appraisal device dependent on breaking down a people practices and qualities and creating or changing their conduct to transformational pioneers as opposed to value-based or non-pioneers as opposed to the need to change nature or circumstance. The multifaceted model appears to come from examine directed from the late 1980s onwards and the speculations that got known as contemporary points of view. One such model is authority through passionate insight (EI). EI is reliably connected with great initiative and is the capacity to comprehend and oversee sentiments, states of mind and feelings in self as well as other people (Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). The association among feelings and transformational authority was evaluated by investigate led in 2001 by Palmer, Walls and Burgess by estimating passionate knowledge in 43 members in administrative jobs utilizing the Trait Meta Mood Scale, and successful transformational initiative qualities were estimated by the MLQ. It was discovered that there was a positive relationship among's EI and transformational administration, a factor that has not been missed by Bass, who announced that initiative is as much passionate and emotional as normal and goal as a result (1999, p 19 in Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). This and other research has sugge

Influence of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders

Impact of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders Section ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This exploration on the effect of twenty20 cricket on worldwide cricket endeavors to investigate the view of both essential and optional partners of the game in the universal field. Twenty20 cricket is probably the most extravagant industry, which is esteemed at around a billion dollar over the globe. Twenty20 cricket is one of the universes sports with numerous excited members, observers just as media intrigue. Twenty20 Cricket has started new life and given reclamation to cricket everywhere throughout the globe. The Twenty20 variant of the game has been a central point in endeavoring to additionally globalize, market and advance the game. Cricket is one the most famous and popular game on the planet. Cricket is a built up group activity for many years and extremely famous in nations, for example, India, Pakistan, West Indies, South Africa and England. Like other donning exercises, twenty20 cricket is a pro game that is looked for after by the two people because of its various advan tageous traits. This famous and valuable action gives you physical wellness as well as mental quality and sharpness as well. A game helps an individual in building an extremely inspirational mentality. It has additionally become a piece of training and schedules of individuals. The primary of the exploration is to decide the effect of twenty20 cricket sport on global cricket. This section will in general layout foundation of the investigation and issue articulation. Likewise, it examines the examination questions, inquire about destinations and the hugeness of the investigation separated from introducing the exploration diagram. 1.2 Study Background The birthplace of Cricket game can be followed from the time of the dim ages, most likely after the Roman Empire, unquestionably preceding the Normans attacking England and in all likelihood some place in Northern Europe. Conditional confirmations recommend the way that this game was begun in Saxon or Norman occasions by youngsters living in south east piece of England in a region of thick forests known as Weald. It is for the most part accepted that cricket was to a greater extent a kids game as opposed to the grown-ups. It was taken up by the grown-ups in seventeenth century and from that point forward, this game kept on expanding its prevalence and open acknowledgment and never thought back. To the extent the name of term â€Å"cricket â€Å"is concerned it is by and large accepted that this word had different potential sources. The most punctual source is followed back to 1598 when it was called as cricket. It is believed to be gotten from Middle Dutch term â€Å"krick â€Å" meaning a stick. There are another terms likewise accessible which all recommend the conceivable inclusion of Dutch in this game. The sport of Cricket is known to range from the sixteenth century with matches being played since 1844, albeit authoritatively ‘International Test Cricket was played from the year 1877 onwards. Test cricket is the most established and longest type of cricket. It is additionally considered as the most dependable and moving type of cricket to gauge the value of any group where 2 innings are played by each group. After the hurl the group that bats first heaps on however many runs as would be prudent and announces the innings. At that point comes the turn of other group thus the match goes on until the conclusive outcome. The ubiquity and appeal of test cricket is diminishing step by step due to the beginning of new all the more energizing types of cricket. Hopwood (2005) contends that the sport of Cricket has been administered by the guidelines for ove r 250 years. The Marylebone Cricket Club has been a definitive figure in advancing the principles of cricket and its ensuing revisions. In the year 2000, the MCC overhauled the principles of Cricket and acquainted Spirit of Cricket with the laws of the game to keep up the novel character and happiness regarding the game. One day cricket is the most conspicuous and seen type of cricket on the planet. It is being played and viewed by the individuals with incredible energy. The most well known occasion â€Å"World Cup† of cricket is likewise founded on the example of one day cricket. The greater part of the significant and well known titles in cricket depend on one day matches. The one-day global cricket is a late twentieth century advancement. On fifth January 1971, first ODI was played among Australia and England and till now it is famous among the cricket fans. Cricket matches are played and enjoyed by the individuals on national and worldwide level (Birley, 2003). There are numerous sorts of cricket like nation cricket, club cricket, indoor cricket, womens cricket and cricket for blinds, yet the most conspicuous and well known three kinds of cricket which are perceived by ICC (International Cricket Council) are test cricket, at some point and recently started structure twenty20 cricket. The a ppearance of Twenty20 on the cricketing scene has without a doubt isolated the cricketing club. Some accept that it is only a crime and ought not be energized at any expense. They contend that since Twenty20 supports a long way from-specialized cricket youths needing to get the game will be confused into accepting that cricket is tied in with attempting to hit 6s and 4s regardless of how you do it. Additionally it will make the confusion that cricket is a batsmans game and that there is next to no motivating force in bowling since the bowlers are normally the ones at the less than desirable end. In such a situation not many youths may take up bowling or trouble learning the better purposes of the specialty. Furthermore there is consistently the contention that Twenty20 cricket will wean away enthusiasm from the conventional configurations of the game, particularly Test cricket. Nonetheless, sentiment with respect to Twenty20 cricket despite everything stays isolated as its advertise rs demand that it won't supplant any of the conventional arrangements however on the opposite will build enthusiasm for them by pulling more individuals towards cricket in general. They likewise contend that the Twenty20 organization is an incredible method for acquainting cricket with the non-cricketing world which is utilized to quick games, for example, football. There is no uncertainty that the T20 rendition of the game has gotten the most famous and satisfactory in the ongoing occasions however it can't be said that different types of the games have been neglected. After the initiation of T20 cricket, many idea that the test cricket will be bit by bit doused from the cricket world. It is anyway off-base to state. All the legends of cricket still immovably accept that test cricket is the hardest and strongest type of cricket which defeats any player. Test cricket makes a decision about mental capacity and quality, the endurance and flexibility factor and different things of the player which twenty 20 cricket can't pass judgment. The round of Twenty20 game includes two groups; every ha a solitary innings, batting for a limit of 20 overs. Twenty20 game is finished in around three hours, with every inning enduring around 75 minutes, subsequently carrying the game nearer to the time length of other well known group activities, for example, football (Hopwood, 2005). It was acquainted with make a vivacious type of the game which would be appealing to onlookers at the ground and watchers on TV. Since its beginning the game has spread around the cricket world. The possibility of an abbreviated arrangement of the game at an expert level was talked about by the English and Wales Cricket Boardin 1998 and 2001. When theBenson and Hedges Cupended in 2002, theEnglish and Wales Cricket Board required another day rivalry to fill its place. The cricketing specialists were hoping to help the games picture and prevalence with the more youthful age in light of waning groups and diminished sponsorship. It was expected to convey quick paced, energizing cricket available to a huge number of fans who were put off by the more extended adaptations of the game (test cricket and one-day global cricket). Stuart Robertson, the showcasing chief of the English and Wales Cricket Board, proposed a 20 over per innings game to region directors in 2001 and they casted a ballot 11-7 for receiving the new configuration. In excess of 30 center gatherings were prepared. 4,000, 15-minute, up close and personal meetings were set up to measure the open hunger for the game. The picture of Cricket in England had consistently been that of a game which is moderate paced, quiet and exhausting. The crowds distinguished the length of the matches to be long, though Test Match Cricket (5 days) of One-Day Cricket (8 hours). Easton (1996) contends that the general recognition and picture in the brains of people in general was that Cricket is a kind of game which as a general rule brings about exhausting draws (Test Cricket). Indeed, even i n one-day cricket (50 overs), the batsmen would score their runs at a truly moderate rate bringing about a dull display for the groups going to watch matches at the different cricket grounds. Hopwood (2005) keeps up that the England and Wales Cricket Board had at first introducedTwenty20 cricket as an approach to recover the groups in residential cricket. The principal Twenty20 Cup in 2003 (presently known as the Friends Provident T20) was advertised with the sloganâ€Å"I dont like cricket, I love it†and it was pointed particularly at the young as opposed to the cricket specialist. It was intended to be a game that would unite the whole family for a night of fun and jamboree like air. The finals of the 2003 Twenty20 Cup (in 2003) saw exhibitions by pop stars and musical crews and the gathering like air made it a memorable night. It was an enormous accomplishment as the groups were wonderfully overwhelmed. More than the cricket on field the thought was to have some good times ; cricket just gave the methods. This was the ‘fast nourishment of cricket and the individuals simply cherished each and every chomp. From that point forward Twenty20 has gradually ascended in prominence. The principal official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English areas in theTwenty20 Cup (presently known as the Friends Provident T20). The principal period of T

Cycle of Juvenile Justice - Free Essay Example

Abstract This paper will explore and give a synopsis on the cycle of juvenile justice. The synopsis will include a look at the past 200 years of juvenile justice policies in the United States. According to the text, Bernard and Kurlychek believe the cycle is driven by several unchanging ideas that force us to repeat, rather than learn from, our history (Bernard, T., Kurlychek, M. (2010).). Among these beliefs is also that, juvenile crime is at an all-time high and getting worse. They believe that the juvenile justice system itself is responsible for the high crime levels among juveniles. However, in this paper reform of the system will effectively address this problem. Furthermore, because of these issues among the cycle of the juvenile justice system, Bernard and Kurlychek believe that it is inevitable that any reform successfully enacted will help with juvenile crime, since it arises not from the juvenile justice system, but from deeper problems like, social conditions, inequalities and ones environment. In addition, to help with juvenile crime, this paper will include three best practices for ending the cycle. Keywords: punishment, juvenile, justice, cycle, crime, treatment The past 200 years, juvenile justice has undergone a range of transformations. In the United States, about 100 years ago, a separate juvenile justice system was established for the youth. However, throughout most of history, the youth in society did not always enjoy a separate status. Once an individual reached age five or six, she or he became a member of society and was expected to follow the same guidelines as adults. This extended to the field of legal sanctions, where children were viewed as adults and were subject to the same regulations and rules. During this time, a separate system for dealing with youthful offenders did not exist. The laws that had been created made no difference based on age of the offender. The laws allowed for and prescribed harsh punishment towards the young people, which subsequently called for a process of nullification or refusal to put in force the same laws for adults and younger people. Changes in how to deal with youth crimes emerges in the early 1800s as American society was undergoing major shifts. The industrialization was drawing people to the cities, which caused cities to become overcrowded and a great deal of poverty. The new separate juvenile justice system tried to divert youthful offenders from destructive punishments of criminal courts and promote rehabilitation. They wanted to focus on the child as a person in need of help and not on an act that brought him or her before the court. However, the proceedings were very informal, with a great deal of discretion left to the juvenile court judge. During this time, the judge was to act in the best interest of the childs procedural safeguards available to adults, for matters such as, the right to know the charges brought against one, the right to an attorney and the right to trial. The court proceedings were closed to the public and juvenile records were to remain confidential, so it would not intervene with t he childs ability to be rehabilitated and reintegrated into society. Language that was used in the juvenile court proceedings even change to wording like, juveniles were not charged with crimes, but rather with delinquencies, they were not found guilty, but are adjudicated delinquent and they were not sent to prison but did go to training schools or reformatory. Furthermore, changes did not just stop here, there are still ongoing changes today within the juvenile justice system to deter youthful members of society from criminal acts. These ongoing changes within the juvenile justice system has been a major issue for the general public and youthful members of society. This is because many people believe that there is a cyclical pattern in the juvenile justice system, in which the same sequence of polices has been repeated over three times in the last two hundred years (). Since these polices are being repeated it is becoming hard to punish juveniles for their delinquent acts. However, when juvenile crime level is high there are many harsh punishments but few lenient treatments for juvenile offenders. Because of few lenient treatments not being available justice officials are forced to choose between harsh punishment or doing nothing at all. Bernard, Thomas J, and colleagues explore this issue in their book, The Cycle of Juvenile Justice. One should take from this paper a synopsis of this book and three best practices to end the cycle. Justice officials and the general public believes that the cycle begins at a time when juvenile crime is very high. However, Bernard and colleagues believe that having to choose between harsh punishments and doing nothing at all is part of the problem. This is because harsh punishments and doing nothing all will increase juvenile crimes. The authors believe the best solution is to introduce lenient treatments for juvenile offenders and the juvenile crime rate will decline Many people have their own idea of the juvenile justice system and juvenile delinquency. In addition, these ideas drive the juvenile justice system from policy to policy, which causes it to keep being repeated. Bernard and colleagues believe that when the juvenile justice system is reform it should provide a brief and readily understandable image of the policies that the reformer want to implement. The reformer should also include why the new policy will work by giving a simple image of the kind of delinquents people are. This will help people understand juvenile justice policies and practices. Reformers must get people to understand their ideas about juvenile delinquency and the juvenile delinquent. They must show how these changes will affect the delinquent, crime rate and juvenile justice system. Furthermore, Reformers must first study history and identify aspects of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice that has remain the same for the last two hundred years and did not work. Bernard et al., (2010) states that the past could help figure out how the juvenile justice system have arrived at their current situation, which also could help them prepare for the future. The authors in this book go on to include aspects of the juvenile justice and juvenile delinquency they believe have stayed the same for the last two years, which cause the system to repeat itself. For example, juvenile males commit more crime and there are laws that only juveniles must obey (). The authors elaborate on how each aspect effect the youthful members of society. These aspects also have stayed the same and at each point in time, people believe that the juvenile justice system changed. However, the authors did find that youthful males commit more crimes by studying statistics over time. They found that 80 percent of violent juvenile offenders where male and they are highly overrepresented in the population (). The authors found that a lot people believe that increase delinquency comes from gangs and people raising their children without morals today. Seeing all these violent criminal acts among juveniles and high arrest rates, the general public believe that this is a rece nt phenomenon and youthful members of society was not like this back in the day. Bernard and colleagues go on to show how arrest rates fluctuated back in the day and after World War II arrest increase. During this time people thought juvenile arrest rates were high and getting out of hand. However, when compared to todays arrest rate they were low and older members of society starting to notice that. They now have this mindset that if the juvenile laws were like the old days then the crime rate would be low. Furthermore, this is the misconception that keep the cycle of the juvenile justice system repeating because one minute its harsh punishments and next it is lenient punishments. The authors believe that reformers need to look for times when juvenile delinquency was low and determine the societal factors that led to that instead of implanting policies that were in place years ago. The authors look back inside the juvenile justice to help individuals understand societal factors that led to juvenile delinquency. They first elaborate on origin of the modern juvenile justice system, which is talked about earlier in this paper. While exploring the cycle of juvenile justice Bernard and colleagues elaborate on factors that may have contributed to delinquency like, industrialization and urbanization. Industrialization is where the number of moveable good increase, which leads to a rise in property crimes committed by juveniles. Urbanization is another one of the important factors because it brought juvenile offenders into close contact with each other, which added the tendency to commit criminal acts. The authors also found that the way the system responded to delinquency in the earlier years also contributed to youthful delinquency. Justice officials would lock youthful individuals up even for minor offenses. However, the authors also wanted individuals to understan d the idea of child hood and how it contributed to delinquency. In the earlier years, a lot of families were poor, which caused children to steal from the wealthier people in society. Once delinquency started to increase the first institution was built in New York City. Bernard and colleagues discuss the earlier times in New York City when they define poor people as pauperism, which is people who are rebellious, lazy, hostile and refuse to work. Paupers stole things, let their children run wild and go into fights with others. People believe paupers were poor because they were corrupt. Prominent citizen believes that if these individuals were honest and hardworking, they would have an adequate lifestyle. Pauperism was the reason New York was in chaos, so established thing like penitentiaries, where prisoners worked in silence and make goods to pay for their stay. The authors discuss pauperism a lot in this book because of the impact it had on society. It called for the first separate juvenile facilities. Therefore, the house of refuge for children in danger of growing up to be paupers and criminals was established which was called the New York House of Refuge. This is where youth were sentence for their criminal acts. Children were sent here from all over to be punish for their criminal acts. Children would work for eight hours a day and spend four house a day in school. Around this time, other major matters happen like the parens patriae, the case of Mary Ann Crouse and the case of Daniel OConnell. These was of poor children who were illegally sent to the New York House of Refuge. The OConnell help establish the first juvenile court in Chicago and the judge ruled that it was illegal to send a poor child to reform schools unless they committed a crime. Furthermore, these court cases the authors expand upon demonstrate how our evolving definitions of delinquent acts and of the delinquent have directly affected people view if what constitute as juvenile justice. Bernard and colleagues also elaborate on some recent developments in the juvenile justice system, beginning with 1960s due process movement and the early 1970s that represented the first U.S. Supreme Court intervention. To help with the internal workings and process of the juvenile justice, some important cases were involved like, Mapp v. Ohio (1961), which concerned the Fourth Amendment prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures, and Miranda v. Arizona (1965), which concerned the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination (). These are two of the five cases the authors include in the book that help establish due process and citizen rights. In fact, Kent v. United States (1966), case was the first juvenile case ever heard by the Supreme Court (). Cases like these also help establish protection for juveniles. However, these cases also showed that the Supreme Court reform does not seem consistent with lessons from history. Theses cases showed that the Supreme court reform over time does not seem fit into the cycle because it does not establish lenient structural treatment nor toughen punishments over long period of time. Furthermore, to help better under this the authors talk about 7 lesson of history on why the Supreme Court reform does not fit into the cycle, like lesson 4 the Supreme Court reform did not attempt to change the behavior of the rich. These lessons were based off the cases that happen throughout history and the reforms. The first institution for juveniles was establish by men, but the first juvenile court was established as a result of the work done by women. Because of all the cases that happen throughout history, juveniles now had the power to fight against the state and right to be represented by an attorney. The authors explore this more by looking at the aftermath of the due process movement and documenting which proposed changes did and did not occur to the adjudicatory stage. The authors give 7 lesson of history explaining why the adjudication and due process did not work during this time. They found that mainly because justice officials did not provide changes in juvenile courts and juvenile defendants were not being provided satisfactory in due process protection, which lead to petitioned to court and found delinquent. Furth more, the authors also go to find that the courts intentions were not implemented and as we know today, they were using the Get Tough movement. This where they started sentencing juveniles in more punitive measures. In addition, this moment eventually went away once people start seeing that it was too harsh. Now, in the 21st century the authors find that there may be another reform going on within the system because some states are now recreating juvenile justice systems within adult criminal justice system to handle all adults under the age of 18. They found indications that juvenile courts may also be moving in a more lenient direction in disposition hearings and not in adjudication hearings. Moreover, Bernard and colleagues go on to elaborate on some of the new and not so new ideas and policies emerging today within the juvenile justice system. They look at changes that have occurred so far to see how they will fit into the juvenile justice cycle and what direction it may prescribe for the future. Based on the history of juvenile justice system the authors predict the cycle will continue and juvenile crime will remain high. Bernard and colleagues believe that the cycle of juvenile justice cannot be broken by any juvenile justice policy because all policies are eventually broken. They believe if justice officials wanted to break the cycle, they would have to change their belief that an as-yet undiscovered policy will change juveniles into a low crime rate group. Furthermore, justice officials and the general public ideas is whats driving the cycle and any new policy that is put into place is retired because of ideas like crime was not like this in the good old days. In addition, the cycle of juvenile justice cannot be broken until people ideas about juvenile delinquency and the juvenile delinquent change. Justice Officials today are still trying to change the behavior of juvenile delinquents and their parents. However, we must first look at the larger issues that cause youth individuals to become delinquents. This could help with finding ways to end the cycle among juveniles. To help end this cycle, justice officials must first start where the problem begun which is social conditions, then they should add more preventive and community programs that have been proven to work. Reading this book has taught me that social conditions is where the juvenile delinquency started. If justice officials want to end the cycle they must start with the social problems. These problems begun from things like, modernization and urbanization, where they brought juvenile offender in close contact with each other. These youth were living in areas that generated delinquency. These areas consisted of the poor or lower-class individuals in society. The main issues were the problems these individuals face, like racism, living in poverty, and inequality. This cause disorder among neighborhoods, which leads to antisocial behavior and then juvenile delinquency. However, social changes are required in order to solve the problem with juvenile delinquency. If the justice officials continue to focus on treating the delinquent and not the social conditions that lead to delinquency, the juvenile justice system will continue the cycle. Since reformers are not willing to change social conditions, other things could be implemented to try to end the cycle like, more community involvement or including policies that have been shown to work in the past. Strengthening the role of families in communities to dissuade juvenile delinquency is a great way to make sure that children are supported in their everyday lives. Having afterschool programs, community partnership programs and family support programs are great ways to keep youth and adults involve in their communities. Once kids are let out of school, studies have shown that most youth commit their criminal acts around that time. However, if children are involved in afterschool programs such as, football, or cheerleading they wouldnt have time to be in delinquent acts. Having these programs could help end the cycle of juvenile justice because more families would be involved in the community and less crime would be committed by the youth. Another practice to try to end the cycle is incorporating policies that have proven to work in the past to deter crime. In part of the book, Bernard and colleagues discuss how keeping the ideas and using them over and over is whats causing the cycle to continue. In order to end the cycle, justice officials must trust that a new policy will work. The authors states that the ideas that the public have about the juvenile justice system is whats driving the policy because people tend to think crime was not high back in the day. Justice official continue to use old policies that does not work and retire any new one that is put into place. Justice officials should find a point where a policy was working and include that with something new. In order to end the cycle, it must stop repeating itself and to do this, justice officials must come up with new ways to deter youth from committing criminal acts. Furthermore, justice officials should start using policy that have shown to work. Reading this book has taught me why individuals should start from the past when trying to figure out why something is going wrong. The authors of this books showed why the juvenile justice system kept ending up in a cycle. Social conditions, general public ideas and not giving new policies a try is why the juvenile justice system keep ending up in a cycle. The juvenile justice policies must be changed based on actual performance and not good intentions. Therefore, creating a policy that responds to a problem it has not created would possibly help end the cycle of juvenile justice. Also look at social conditions could help end the cycle because this is where juvenile delinquency started. However, the authors wanted individuals to understand that if justice officials continue to use the general public ideas about delinquency and of the delinquent, the cycle will continue. They must first look at where the problem begun and then trust that a new policy will work.

Examples of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Sociology

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a sociological term used to describe what happens when a false belief influences peoples behavior in such a way that it ultimately shapes reality. This concept has appeared in many cultures for centuries, but American sociologist Robert K. Merton coined the term and developed it for use in sociology. Today, the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy is commonly used by sociologists as an analytic lens through which to study student performance, deviant or criminal behavior, and the impact of racial stereotypes on targeted groups. Robert K. Mertons Self-Fulfilling Prophecy In 1948, Merton used the term self-fulfilling prophecy in an article. He framed his discussion of this concept with symbolic interaction theory, which states that, through interaction, people bring about a shared definition of the situation in which they find themselves. He argued  that self-fulfilling prophecies begin as false definitions of situations, but that behavior based on the ideas attached to this false understanding recreates the situation in such a way that the original false definition becomes true. Mertons description of the self-fulfilling prophecy is rooted in the Thomas theorem, formulated by sociologists W. I. Thomas and D. S. Thomas. This theorem states that if people define situations as real, they are then real in their consequences. Both Mertons definition of self-fulfilling prophecy and the Thomas theorem reflect the fact that beliefs act as social forces. They have, even when false, the power to shape our behavior in very real ways. Symbolic interaction theory explains this by highlighting that people act in situations largely based on how they read those situations, and what they believe the situations mean to them or to the others participating in them. What we believe to be true about a situation then shapes our behavior and how we interact with the others present. In The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, sociologist Michael Briggs provides an easy three-step way to understand how self-fulfilling prophecies become true. X believes that y is p.X, therefore, does p.Because of 2, y becomes p. Examples of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Sociology A number of sociologists have documented the effects of self-fulfilling prophecies in education. This occurs primarily as a result of teacher expectation. The two classic examples are of high and low expectations. When a teacher has high expectations for a student and communicates those expectations to the student through his behavior and words, the student then typically does better in school than they would otherwise. Conversely, when a teacher has low expectations for a student and communicates this to the student, the student will perform more poorly in school than she otherwise would. Taking Mertons view, one can see that, in either case, the teachers expectations for the students are creating a certain definition of the situation that rings true for both the student and the teacher. That definition of the situation then impacts the students behavior, making the teachers expectations real in the behavior of the student. In some cases, a self-fulfilling prophecy is positive, but, in many, the effect is negative. Sociologists have documented that race, gender, and class biases frequently influence the level of expectations that teachers have for students. Teachers  often expect black and Latino students to perform worse than white and Asian students. They may also expect girls to perform worse than boys in certain subjects like science and math, and low-income students to perform worse than middle- and upper-income students. In this way, race, class, and gender biases, which are rooted in stereotypes, can act as self-fulfilling prophecies and actually create poor performance among the groups targeted with low expectations. This ultimately results in these groups performing poorly in school. Similarly, sociologists have documented how labeling kids delinquents or criminals leads to delinquent and criminal behavior. This particular self-fulfilling prophecy has become so common across the U.S. that sociologists have given it a name: the school-to-prison pipeline. It is a phenomenon that is also rooted in racial stereotypes, primarily ones of black and Latino boys, but documentation suggests that it affects black girls as well. Examples of self-fulfilling prophecies show how powerful our beliefs are. Good or bad, these expectations can alter what societies look like. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Langston Hughes - A Literary Genius Essay - 2076 Words

Langston Hughes (1902-1967), one of the most prominent figures in the world of Harlem, has come to be an African American poet as well as a legend of a variety of fields such as music, childrens literature and journalism. Through his poetry, plays, short stories, novels, autobiographies, childrens books, newspaper columns, Negro histories, edited anthologies, and other works, Hughes is considered a voice of the African-American people and a prime example of the magnificence of the Harlem Renaissance who promoted equality, condemned racism and injustice that the Negro society endured, and left behind a precious literary and enduring legacy for the future generations. In an endeavor to explore why and to what extent his poetry has still†¦show more content†¦society. Besides, delivering his poetry from his heart, Hughes made many black readers feel as though everyday practices of their lives was portrayed in his writing, as writer Ishmael Reed once said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We shou ld honor Langston Hughes for his ability to say what was in souls of millionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? . In a 1996 essay on Langston Hughes Collected Poems in the New Republic, Helen Vendler, one of Americas top poetry critics, echoed Rampersadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point when she said that most of his poems are accessible to anyone who can read, and even the more allusive ones generally mention events that were, at the time, in the daily newspapers . In addition, when mentioning of Hughesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ masterpiece à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ The Negro Speak of Riversà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Kevin Powell, writer, founding staff member and former senior writer for Vibe magazine who helped introduce the hip-hop generation to Hughes work, noted, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any group can relate to that piece. If youre an immigrant coming from Ireland or Italy, or a Jew who has escaped Nazi Germany, or if youre a woman, you can relate to that piece _ or if youre gay or lesbian, or obviously if youre African-American. However, behind their apparent simplicity, the glory of Langston Hughes poems was to use many symbols to illustrate his main themes and still maintain the elements of profundity, humor and irony in the meanings such as those in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ku Kluxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Negro Speak of Riversà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What Happened to a Dream Deferred ?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I, too, SingShow MoreRelatedJames Mecer Langston Hughes: Literary Genius1763 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary Genius James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. James Hughes and Carrie Langston are Hughes’ parents. They later divorced when Hughes was young. After his parents divorced he went to live with his grandmother until he turned thirteen years old. At thirteen years old he moved to Lincoln, Illinois. After living in Illinois he later moved to Cleveland, Ohio to live with his mother. When he moved to Cleveland he started writing poetry (â€Å"James Mercer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  parRead MoreLangston Hughes Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes was a large influence on the African-American population of America. Some of the ways he did this was how his poetry influenced Martin Luther King Jr. and the Harlem Renaissance. These caused the civil rights movement that resulted in African-Americans getting the rights that they deserved in the United States. Hughes was born in 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents divorced when he was young and his grandmother raised him. She got him into literature and education; she was one ofRead MoreAnalysis of Langston Hughes ´ The Negro Speaks of Rivers927 Words   |  4 PagesLangston Hughes A Poetic of the Harlem Renaissance During the Harlem Renaissance copious African Americans writers arose from this movement including Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, and especially Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes has endured hardships from the time his parents separated to being raised in different cities. Hughes has tried multiple times to reconnect with his father, but it never succeeded. Although Langston Hughes has a complicated relationship with his fatherRead More Langston Hughes Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People always listen to music, watch movies or plays, and even read poetry without once even thinking what is could be that helps and artist eventually create a masterpiece. Often times, it is assumed that artists just have a â€Å"gift†, and people just do not consider the circumstances and situations that gradually mold a dormant idea into a polished reality. This seems to be the case with nearly every famous actor, writer, painter, or musician; including the ever-famousRead MoreThe Innate Genius Behind By Langston Hughes944 Words   |  4 PagesLangston Hughes was a pioneer of African-American literature and while he wrote an abundance of short stories, essays and plays, he is most well-known for his poetry. The innate genius behind these poems was that he wrote about the everyday lives of American men and women using simple and easily relatable language to invoke a sense of grand importance that most people could understand. His poetry presents a commentary in which both races can begin to better understand one another and also critiquesRead MoreLangston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1902 Words   |  8 PagesLangston Hughes and His Harlem Dream An explosion of written and artistic creativity, a time of social awareness and enlightenment among the black race. The Harlem Renaissance, originally known as ‘The New Negro Movement’, began after the first world war and lasted until the middle of the 1930’s depression. Harlem became a destination for African Americans throughout the early 1900’s as part of the great migration. As more blacks made Harlem their home, it increasingly became well known as an AfricanRead More Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagescame to the conclusion that Baldwin’s use of words was extremely eloquent and intelligent. Specifically an article titled â€Å"Rage unto Order† by Dachine Rainer was very adamant about Baldwin’s genius as a writer but hardly did anything to explain or exemplify that fact. Another review written by Langston Hughes reflects upon how Baldwin clings to the issue of racial discrimination on Negroes and that if he let go of that fact it would prove him to be a greater writer. In the third article the authorRead MoreClaude Mckay s Harlem Dancer And Ended Around 1929 Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance began in 1918 with the publication of Claude McKay’s â€Å"Harlem Dancer† and ended around 1929. During this period, there was a wave of literary works by, and about, Blacks. The Harlem Renaissance was a period of great intellectual expression as well as introspection (Bodenner). There were several key moments and individuals that made this era of time historical. African American artists rejected imitating the ideals of white Americans and championed black artistic expression onRead More Writers of the Harlem Renaissance Essay2535 Words   |  11 PagesHarlem, a part of Manhattan in New York City, became a hugely successful showcase for African American talent. Starting with black literature, the Harlem Renaissance quickly grew to incredible proportions. W.E.B. Du Bois, Claude McKay, and Langston Hughes, along with many other writers, experienced incredible popularity, respect, and success. Art, music, and photography from blacks also flourished, resulting in many masterpieces in all mediums. New ideas began to take wings among circles of blackRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : An Important Piece Of History For America1473 Words   |  6 Pagesmost of it while it lasts. About twice a year I sell a story. It is acclaimed. I am a genius in the making. Thank God for this Negro literary renaissance. Long may it flourish!† Thurman made this statement to show how thankful he was for the Harlem Renaissance movement and for his opportunity to be a writer. Another great man of the Harlem Renaissance was a African American male by the name of Langston Hughes. Hughes was and is still a very famous author and poet. He is extremely popular due to the

Death summary case 3 Putul Barua free essay sample

HOSPITAL COURSE: The patient’s hospital course was characterized by progressively downhill course. He was initially hospitalized and found to be mildly hypoxic, which rapidly corrected subluminal low-flow oxygen therapy however, he gradually became more oxygen dependent on high-flow oxygen, eventually requiring intubation with mechanical ventilation in order to maintain his oxygenation. He underwent an open lung biopsy an attempt to delineate the etiology of his pulmonary situation, and this was reported as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and abilities. The specimen was sent to the Forest General Pathology Department for further evaluation, and they were able to give no further help concerning the ideology pf his pulmonary status. An echocardiogram showed left ventricular walls motion hypokinesia an ejection fraction of approximately 35%. Dr. J. K. McClain and other members of the cardiology department consulted on the patient. They felt that his hypokinesia and breathlessness were not secondary to his cardiac status. He had supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. We will write a custom essay sample on Death summary case 3 Putul Barua or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cardiology staff utilized intravenous medications that controlled the cardiac rate, adequately resolving these cardiac issues. I managed the patient’s venerator in the intensive care status along with my respiratory therapy team. Unfortunately the patient developed multiple infections, hospital acquired, included Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and probable fungemia. Multiple evaluations of the dispute lungs of the present’s active pulmonary tuberculosis were negative. The patient developed acute renal failure, managed by DR. Trever Jordan and his team of nephrologist by hemodialysis. Mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, nasoduodenal feeding tube were completed in an attempt to provide further support however, the patient continued to deteriorate. On January 15 at 0017 hours he became asystolic. Code Blue was called. The patient underwent advance cardiac life-support with multiple medications. He felt a response to the advance cardiac life-support and was pronounced dead at 0041 hours on January 15th. Permission for autopsy was denied. FINAL DIAGNOSES 1. Idiopathic fibrosis with alveolitis. 2. History of tuberculosis. 3. Acute renal failure. 4. Hospital acquired septicemia and a fungemia multiple organisms. ___________________ Simon Williams, MD Of pulmonology SW: XX D: 02/23/2014 T: 02/23/2014